HOW DOES DRINKING WATER GET TO YOUR TAP?

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 The Water Distribution System

Once the water has been treated to meet all federal, state, and local regulations for drinking water, it is pumped into storage tanks. Storage allows for fluctuations in water usage and holds enough water for emergencies and fire protection.

Some of these are ground storage tanks and others may be elevated tanks (water towers). Elevated tanks not only store water, but help to regulate pressure in the system. 

Pumps then send drinking water into the water distribution system. Pumps provide pressure in the system, usually around 60 to 75 pounds per square inch (psi), allowing water to flow into buildings throughout the community. 

Note that in Florida, a measurable disinfectant (chlorine or chloramine) must be added to the water just before entering the distribution system. A minimum chlorine residual of 0.2 parts per million or milligrams per liter (mg/L) must be maintained throughout the system - to the furthest point from the water treatment plant. This helps keep water in the pipelines free of pathogens.

A very simple graphic from EPA illustrates the basic concept.

Water Distribution System Graphic from EPA
Water Distribution System Graphic from EPA website

Water mains - The water distribution system includes miles of underground water mains (pipes) to transport water to the entire community. Most water mains are located in or along the street in the city right-of-way. 

Service lines - Water service lines connect each home or business to the water main. Service lines are smaller than the water mains, usually bringing water to just one property.

Valves are installed throughout the distribution system at strategic locations. They are used to isolate sections of  pipeline for maintenance or replacement--or to control water flow.

Fire hydrants are placed throughout the distribution system, allowing the fire department to access the water quickly.

Water meters are placed on service pipes at the property line to measure water usage for each customer. The meter is usually installed in a concrete or fiberglass box to protect it from damage. A valve is installed at each meter so the utility can turn water on or off.

Your plumbing - After the meter, the water flows into your home and through your plumbing system to all the faucets, toilets, dishwasher and washing machine. 

Want to Learn More?

If you want to learn more about your plumbing a good place to start is with the book All About Water: As Told by the Plumber Who's Seen It All by Greg Chick. a certified plumbing contractor with 45 years of experience.



Geek Out

If you want to "geek out" on distribution system details, check out EPA's Drinking Water Distribution System Tools and Resources.


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